The Oscars, known for honoring the pinnacle of cinematic achievements, are powered by the votes of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences’ extensive membership, surpassing 10,000 members from diverse sectors of the film industry including creatives, executives, and marketing professionals. This assembly of members, representing 17 different branches, plays a crucial role in deciding the winners of the Academy Awards every year, with a concerted push towards diversifying its ranks to reflect broader perspectives within its decision-making process. These efforts have significant implications for Oscars wins, underscoring the importance of understanding who holds the voting power within this prestigious institution.
Behind the glamour of Oscars night lies a meticulously orchestrated voting system led by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. This process not only dictates the outcome of who takes home the coveted trophies but also shines a light on the evolving landscape of the Academy Awards, where recent initiatives aim to broaden the diversity of voices contributing to the selection of Oscar winners. The Academy’s commitment to these changes signals a future where Oscars wins might not just celebrate cinematic excellence but also the rich tapestry of global cinema culture.
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Explained
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) was established in 1927 by Louis B. Mayer, the head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Initially conceived to mediate labor disputes and enhance the industry’s public image, the Academy quickly evolved to become a cornerstone of cinematic achievement recognition. The first organizational meeting saw Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. elected as its inaugural president, setting the stage for the Academy’s future role in the film industry.
AMPAS is structured into 17 branches, each representing different disciplines within the motion picture industry, from actors and directors to writers and producers. This structure supports a broad spectrum of film industry professions, ensuring a diverse representation in its membership, which totals over 10,500 members globally. The Academy not only hosts the annual Oscars but also manages various other awards and educational initiatives, promoting excellence and innovation in filmmaking.
Significantly, the Academy has expanded its influence beyond award ceremonies. It operates the Margaret Herrick Library and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, preserving film history and fostering educational programs. In 2021, it further extended its cultural footprint by opening the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles, creating a new venue for public engagement and learning.
The Journey to Membership
Gaining membership in the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is a prestigious honor that follows a detailed and selective process. Prospective members must meet specific criteria and undergo a review process that is meticulously designed to maintain the Academy’s standards of excellence and diversity in the film industry.
Annual Membership Review and Sponsorship Requirements
Each spring, the Academy conducts an annual membership review to consider new candidates. To be eligible, candidates must be actively involved in the production of theatrically-released motion pictures. The application process requires sponsorship by two current Academy members from the same branch the candidate wishes to join. However, those who have been nominated for an Academy Award are automatically considered for membership and do not require sponsors.
Branch-Specific Membership Criteria
Membership criteria vary across the different branches of the Academy, with specific requirements related to the number of film credits or years of experience in the industry. These requirements ensure that only professionals who have demonstrated significant contributions to the film industry are considered. The membership committees of each branch carry out the review of prospective members to ensure that all candidates meet the high standards set by the Academy.
Global Membership and Diversity Initiatives
The Academy extends its membership globally, inviting film professionals from around the world to join its ranks, thus promoting a diverse and inclusive representation within the industry. In recent years, AMPAS has implemented policies to increase diversity among its members. These include new standards where members can maintain their voting status for 10 years, which is renewable if they remain active in the industry. Additionally, members achieve lifetime voting rights after three ten-year terms or if they have won or been nominated for an Academy Award. This approach not only enriches the diversity of perspectives within the Academy but also aligns with its goals to reflect a broader spectrum of global cinema culture.
Branches of the Academy
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is segmented into 17 distinct branches, each representing a specific discipline within the film industry. These branches include actors, cinematographers, costume designers, directors, and editors, among others. This division allows members to vote in categories that directly relate to their area of expertise during the Oscars, ensuring that each award is judged by knowledgeable peers in that field.
Interestingly, not all branches are associated with their own Oscar categories. Three branches, namely casting directors, executives, and marketing/public relations, do not currently have corresponding awards categories, highlighting a unique aspect of the Academy’s structure. This differentiation underscores the diverse roles that contribute to the film industry, beyond those traditionally recognized with Oscars.
Each of the 17 branches plays a crucial role in the voting process, with every member belonging to one of these branches. This structure not only democratizes the voting process but also ensures that the expertise specific to each category is applied, making the awards a true reflection of excellence across all facets of filmmaking.
The Diversification Effort
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) has been actively working towards diversifying its membership, particularly following the criticism highlighted by the #OscarsSoWhite campaign. This campaign brought to light the predominantly white and male composition of the Academy, which was reported to be 94% white and 76% male in 2015. In response, AMPAS launched several initiatives aimed at increasing diversity within its ranks. The A2020 initiative, for example, set ambitious targets to double the number of women and underrepresented ethnic and racial communities in the Academy by the end of the decade.
Significant strides have been made since the inception of these diversity initiatives. By 2021, the Academy had invited 774 new potential members, marking a 359% increase in women and a 331% increase in people of color since 2015. These efforts are part of a broader strategy to ensure that the Academy’s membership is more reflective of the global audience that engages with cinema. The introduction of Aperture 2025 further underscores this commitment, with the Academy establishing new inclusion standards for Oscar eligibility and focusing on diversity not just among its members but also within the broader filmmaking process.
Moreover, the demographic changes are evident in the leadership roles within AMPAS, where 71% of executives at or above the Vice President level now identify as women, and 42% come from underrepresented ethnic or racial communities. These changes are not just limited to gender and ethnicity; the Academy has also broadened its international reach, with 52% of the 2023 new member class coming from outside the United States, enhancing the global perspective within the organization.
How Voting Works in the Academy
The voting process within the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a meticulously structured system designed to ensure fairness and broad participation across its diverse membership. As of December 2020, the Academy boasts 9,427 eligible voters, each playing a critical role in the selection of Oscar winners.
Nominations and Final Voting
- Nominations Process:
- Members of each branch nominate within their specific categories, except for the Best Picture category, where all voting members can nominate.
- The nominations for Best Picture vary, with anywhere from 5 to 10 films being possible candidates. This flexibility was introduced in 2009 to allow a broader range of films to be considered.
- Final Balloting:
- After nominations, all Academy members vote across all categories, not just those specific to their branch.
- Voting is conducted online, with results tabulated by the accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers, ensuring confidentiality and accuracy.
Preferential Voting System
The Academy employs a unique preferential voting system for the Best Picture category. This system, also known as ranked-choice voting (RCV), was adopted to ensure that the winning film reflects a majority consensus among the voters.
- Process Details:
- Voters rank the nominated films in order of preference.
- A film must receive more than 50% of the first-place votes to win outright; if no film achieves this in the first round, the film with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are redistributed to the remaining films based on the next preferences indicated on each ballot.
- This process continues until a film achieves the required majority, ensuring the winner enjoys broad support across the voting membership.
This detailed voting mechanism highlights the Academy’s commitment to a democratic process, allowing for a fair and representative selection of winners. The system not only accommodates a wide array of films but also ensures that the best picture winner has garnered substantial support across the diverse body of voters, reflecting a consensus choice rather than a simple plurality.
The Role of the Board of Governors
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is governed by a Board of Governors, which plays a pivotal role in directing the strategic vision and maintaining the financial health of the Academy. This board is responsible for ensuring that the Academy fulfills its mission by overseeing the corporate management and general policies. Comprising 55 members, each representing one of the Academy’s 18 branches, the Board of Governors includes three governors per branch, with the exception of the production and technology branch, which is represented by a single governor.
Governors are tasked with attending 6-8 board meetings annually and serve on both their branch’s executive committee and one board oversight committee. Their responsibilities extend to representing their branch at numerous Academy events throughout the year. Additionally, they have fiduciary duties under state law to act in the best interests of the Academy. The Board approves annual goals presented by management and major policies concerning governance, playing a crucial role in shaping the future of the Academy.
The current officers for the 2023-2024 term include President Janet Yang, Vice Presidents Bonnie Arnold, Howard Berger, Brooke Breton, Tom Duffield, DeVon Franklin, Howard A. Rodman, Kim Taylor-Coleman, and CEO Bill Kramer. Notably, the Board of Governors includes influential figures such as Steven Spielberg, Whoopi Goldberg, and Kathleen Kennedy, among others. The board’s composition and the high-profile nature of its members underscore the significant influence and responsibility held by this governing body in steering the Academy towards its goals. Governors may serve up to two three-year terms consecutively, followed by a mandatory two-year hiatus, with the possibility of serving additional terms after the break, cumulating to a maximum of 12 years.
Notable Members Over the Years
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences continually rejuvenates its membership with fresh talents from diverse backgrounds, reflecting the evolving landscape of global cinema. The latest additions to the Academy’s illustrious roster include a mix of seasoned performers and breakout stars, each bringing their unique perspectives and experiences to the table. Noteworthy among these are actors Riz Ahmed, known for his compelling performances in critically acclaimed films; John Cho, who has become a prominent figure in representing Asian actors in Hollywood; and Gal Gadot, whose portrayal of Wonder Woman has made significant impacts on female representation in superhero genres.
Also invited were Donald Glover, a multifaceted artist known for his work in both music and film; Naomie Harris, who has consistently delivered powerful performances in a variety of roles; and Dwayne Johnson, whose transition from wrestling to acting has garnered him a massive global following. Keegan-Michael Key, celebrated for his comedic genius, and Janelle Monae, whose artistic versatility shines in both her music and acting careers, also join the ranks.
Furthermore, the Academy welcomed Ruth Negga, an actress known for her intense character portrayals; Margot Robbie, who has quickly risen as a leading lady in Hollywood through her roles in both blockbuster and independent films; and Kristen Stewart, who has adeptly demonstrated her range from mainstream successes to critically acclaimed indie films. These members not only enhance the diversity of the Academy but also contribute to the breadth of artistic and cultural perspectives that influence the annual Oscars outcomes.
Secrecy and Security: Keeping Results Under Wraps
The Oscars’ voting process is shrouded in secrecy, managed by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), ensuring that the anticipation and integrity of the awards remain intact until the moment winners are announced. The process begins with a meticulous hand-counting of ballots at a secure, undisclosed location to guard against any potential security breaches. This task is primarily handled by only two PwC accountants, one of whom has been Brian Cullinan. He, along with his partner, spends approximately 250-300 hours in total, carefully tallying the votes to determine the winners.
To further secure the confidentiality of the results, the ballots are never digitized; they are counted manually, and the results are memorized by the accountants responsible. This method prevents any digital footprint that could be hacked or leaked. Once the counting is complete, the results are kept under wraps, known only to the two accountants. They prepare three sets of envelopes with the winners, one of which is kept at a secret location until the event. On the day of the Oscars, Cullinan and his partner transport these envelopes to the venue in separate, unmarked vehicles, each accompanied by an LAPD officer, taking different routes to further ensure the results’ safety.
The secrecy doesn’t end with the delivery of the envelopes. The names of the runners-up, or those who come in second place, are kept confidential indefinitely, preserving the exclusivity and suspense of the Academy Awards. This practice highlights the unique nature of the Oscars, where not just the winners, but the details of the voting outcomes are kept a closely guarded secret, adding to the overall mystique of the event.
Recent Changes and Future Directions
In response to past controversies and evolving industry standards, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has implemented significant changes to its rules and guidelines, aiming to enhance fairness and transparency in the Oscars voting process. One notable adjustment is the introduction of a new category, “Outstanding Achievement in Popular Film,” which acknowledges the impact of blockbuster movies, reflecting a broader appreciation of diverse film genres. Additionally, the Academy has modified the number of Best Picture nominees, now allowing up to 10 films to be nominated, thereby accommodating a wider array of cinematic excellence.
The Academy has also revised its campaign and promotional regulations to prevent biased influence during the awards season. New guidelines restrict the number of hosted screenings and completely ban such events post-nomination. Furthermore, any form of private gathering funded, organized, or endorsed by motion picture companies is now prohibited, ensuring that no undue advantage is given to any film over another. An email hotline has been established for the reporting of suspected campaign violations, with strict penalties ranging from suspension of privileges to expulsion from the Academy for those found in breach of these rules.
Looking towards future inclusivity and integrity, the Academy has set forth “inclusion standards” that will be fully implemented in the current awards season. These standards are designed to foster a more diverse and representative selection process across all categories. For example, the best international feature film Oscar submission must now have at least half of its selection committee comprised of filmmakers, promoting a more balanced and filmmaker-focused evaluation process. These ongoing changes underscore the Academy’s commitment to adapting its practices to reflect both the artistic and societal shifts within the global film community.
Conclusion
Throughout this exploration of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, we have delved into the intricate mechanisms that govern the Oscars, highlighted by the diverse and dynamic composition of its membership. The Academy’s concerted efforts to diversify its ranks and the rigorous, secure voting process underscore a commitment to recognizing cinematic excellence that resonates with the global audience. These developments not only reflect the expanding landscape of global cinema but also signal the Oscars’ evolving relevance in an industry marked by rapid changes and increased calls for inclusivity.
As the Academy continues to refine its operations and expand its inclusivity, the implications for future Oscars ceremonies and the broader film industry are profound. These changes, aimed at enhancing fairness, transparency, and diversity, suggest a promising direction for the Academy. By embracing a wider array of cinematic expressions and ensuring that the voting process reflects the diverse tapestry of its audience, the Oscars remain a beacon of aspiration and achievement in the cinematic world. The journey of the Academy, rich with history and aspiration, continues to unfold, promising a future where excellence in all its diversity is celebrated.
FAQs about Academy Awards
1. Who is responsible for voting in the Academy Awards? For all categories except Best Picture, the winners of the Oscars are chosen by the members of the Academy, based on who receives the most votes. The Best Picture category, however, uses a special voting system that the Academy considers to be the most equitable.
2. Is the voting process for the Oscars confidential? Yes, Oscar voting is conducted anonymously. This confidentiality can lead to unexpected results, such as lesser-known films gaining significant support from the voters, potentially leading to surprise wins in major categories like Best Picture.
3. How is the winner of the Oscars determined? In the Oscars voting process, if a film secures the majority of the top votes, it is declared the winner outright. If no film achieves more than 50% of the votes, the film with the fewest votes is eliminated. The votes for the eliminated film are then redistributed to the next preferred choice listed by those voters.
4. Who votes for the Best Director at the Oscars? The nominees for Best Director are chosen by the directors branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) using a single transferable vote system. The winner, however, is selected by a plurality vote from all eligible voting members of the Academy. In the early years of the Oscars, it was possible for directors to receive nominations for several films within the same year.
